Ethics Research Essays - 984 Words

Paul writes in 1 Timothy 6:10 (KJV), â€Å"For the love of money is the root of all evil: which while some coveted after, they have erred from the faith, and pierced themselves through with many sorrows.† The accounting firm of Arthur Andersen exemplified this statement completely. The firm which began in the early 1900’s as a stalwart defender of ethical behavior, by the beginning of the twenty-first century was more corrupt than anyone could imagine. The fallout from the demise of Arthur Andersen has been immense and some lasting effects can still be felt today. Ultimately, the downfall of this accounting giant was due to the degradation of leadership. Schein states there are â€Å"six primary embedding mechanisms†¦that leaders have available to†¦show more content†¦The accounting firm was charged both criminally and civilly for many different offenses. For example, â€Å"In another Andersen-related case, an Arizona grand jury has re-indicted five men on charges of fraud, racketeering and theft in connection with their involvement in the failed Baptist Foundation of Arizona (BFA)† (Accountant, 2002). The most obvious effect of Arthur Andersen’s unethical behavior and actions is the collapse of several multi-billion dollar corporations. But the effects run far deeper than that. When companies such as Enron, WorldCom, or ABF go under, those who stand to lose the most are the investors of that company. The investors are the true victims of Arthur Andersen’s accounting and auditing failures. In reference to Enron as one example, â€Å"By December 31, 2000, Enron’s stock was priced at $83.13†¦Yet within a year, Enron’s image was in tatters and its stock price had plummeted nearly to zero† (Healy, P. M., Palepu, K. G, 2003, p. 3). Given these numbers a stock portfolio of 5,000 shares of stock which started with a value of $415,650 ended up with a value of nearly $0 after only one year. Many employees of Enron invested their retirement savings in company stock only to see it vanish. Similar results to this can be seen with all business failures. The collapse of WorldCom is another glaring example. Not only did the investors and employees of WorldCom lose vast amounts of money, rival companies also felt theShow MoreRelatedEthics O f Behavioral Science Research Essay827 Words   |  4 PagesEthics in Behavioral Science Research Stenulson 1 For most of us, when we think about ethics, we think of rules for distinguishing between right and wrong. There are many things that govern our behavior, such as rules, laws, and the Ten Commandments. Most people learn ethical norms from parents, siblings, classmates, and at church, and other social settings. Most people learn the difference between right and wrong when they are younger, but ethical and moral developmentRead MoreEthics in Educational Research1608 Words   |  7 PagesEthics in Educational Research The relationship between ethics and research is one of the most important problems faced by educational researchers. The demand for accountability and ethical responsibility in research is valid and has become irresistible, as instances to the contrary have resulted in impaired research opportunities, infringement on the autonomy of peoples studied, and in some instances harm to research participants (Howe Moses, 2002). Many education associations have their own codesRead MoreResearch and Development Ethics2023 Words   |  8 PagesIn todays world the medical and experimental research is important to society and has helped cure diseases, cancer and other medical conditions in humans. However, experiments have to be ethical and the participant in the experiment should have the right to choose whether they continue in the experiment or research. In todays medical world it would be very difficult for the general community to accept any research or treatment similar to the Nazi physici ans because of the death they caused to millionsRead MoreEthics in Research Essay740 Words   |  3 PagesEthics in Research Research is one of the most successful means of obtaining a wide variety of information concerning limited or broad topics. However, abundant as this information may be, it is important to maintain an ethical outlook to all research topics. As research and its subsequent experimentations advance in light of new generations, the idea of ethics becomes a more prominent issue. Researchers must be aware of the conflicts that their research may bring aboutRead MoreA Research Study On Ethics1309 Words   |  6 PagesEthics 1. It is the ethics involved in this situation that causes PGD to be a socio-scientific issue. Generally, embryos that are affected with the disease that is being tested for are discarded. There is usually at least one embryo affected with the disease that is being tested for. However embryos that are not implanted can be stored for up to ten years. In some cases there will be more than one ‘healthy’ embryo. As people do not usually choose to implant two, the patient has to make a decisionRead MoreThe Ethics Of Clinical Research1281 Words   |  6 Pageswell. Paul’s oncologist unfortunately had to suggest a final option for Paul to try which was a clinical research trial. Clinical research trials are experimental studies that deem whether or not a medical drug, treatment, surgery, or device is safe and beneficial for humans to use (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute). As explained in Marcia Angell’s Article, â€Å"The Ethics of Clinical Research i n the Third World†, the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Health Organization (WHO) provides a guidelineRead MoreThe Ethics Of Animal Research967 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Commonsense Case against Animal Experimentation† in The Ethics of Animal Research attempts to answer the problems of animal research through use of common sense. He does this by trying to give and objective (middle ground) argument against animal research and points out what everyone would consider being inhumane treatment of animals. Engle says: My argument for the immorality of using animals as test subjects in biomedical research is predicated on several widely accepted, commonsense moralRead MoreEthics of Animal Research Essay537 Words   |  3 PagesEthics of Animal Research One of the many issues of todays conversations is still confusing on my understanding it. Is it ethical for people to engage in animal research for human excellence? And if so, just how far can animal research be taken to meet these achievements for human kind? When thinking about this, I would conclude that animals over human beings do not have any rights what so ever, but I would be the biggest hypocrite in the world by saying this due to believing my doggyRead MoreScientific Ethics And Scientific Research2226 Words   |  9 PagesScientific research is a broad range of activities undertaken in systematic ways to advance knowledge and understandings. It benefits society based on the expectation that researches are conducted honestly, accurately and fairly. According to the conventional view, scientific research is a highly logical process, conducted objectively by scientists, inspected by peer scrutiny. However, it is not unusual that researchers fail to fulfill the expectatio n, which will be considered as scientific misconductRead MoreEthics in Research Essay2201 Words   |  9 PagesEthical Issues in Qualitative Research Introduction Ethical issues are present in any kind of research. The research process creates tension between the aims of research to make generalizations for the good of others, and the rights of participants to maintain privacy. Ethics pertains to doing well and avoiding harm. Harm can be prevented or reduced through the application of appropriate ethical principles. Thus, the protection of human subjects or participants in any research study is imperative. Violations

The Beating of Rodney King Essay - 2275 Words

The Beating of Rodney King The Beating of Rodney King Throughout police history in the United States and around the world there have been numerous incidents of reported police brutality and other forms of corruption including taking bribes, theft, sexual deviance, and many more. In our present time corruption has decreased significantly from what it once was decades ago but still exists. One of the most publicized cases of police brutality, if not the most, was the beating of Rodney King. Most people have heard about the case and seen the video of the brutal beating that took place in Los Angeles on the night of March 2, 1991. The video shown to the public contained officers appearing to beat Mr. King while he is on the ground while†¦show more content†¦Being officers of the law it is their job to follow orders from superiors, this is how police organizations operate all over the country. Without a structured hierarchy officers would have leeway to do whatever they please which would likely cause chao s. Despite this it must be analyzed at to what degree was the assault, if it was blatantly too harsh then the officers could not use a â€Å"just following orders† defense as this has already been established through the Nuremberg trials. Although these trials were for a much more severe crimes they set a precedent that this could not be used as a defense if the crime is too Hyannis. The Nuremberg defense was most famously used by one of the Nazis during the trials in Israel during 1961, this man was Adolph Eichmann. He was famously quoted in this statement: â€Å"I cannot recognize the verdict of guilty. . . . It was my misfortune to become entangled in these atrocities. But these misdeeds did not happen according to my wishes. It was not my wish to slay people. . . . Once again I would stress that I am guilty of having been obedient, having subordinated myself to my official duties and the obligations of war service and my oath of allegiance and my oath of office, and in addition, once the war started, there was also martial law. . . . I did not persecute Jews with avidity and passion. That is whatShow MoreRelatedRace And Rage : The Beating Of Rodney King961 Words   |  4 Pagesand Rage: The Beating of Rodney King was a documentary about just that, the beating of Rodney King and the Chicago Riots that were a result. In 1991 Rodney King was chased by cops for several miles before finally pulling over in a parking lot. He was then beaten almost to death by police and the entire incident was recorded by a resident in a nearby apartment . Chicago riots begin in 1992 due to the police brutality incident. The damage to the city was immeasurable and finally King came on and saidRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The 1991 Beating Of Rodney King 1814 Words   |  8 PagesThe 1991 beating of Rodney King by Los Angeles police provides rich case material in how an attack perceived as unjust can backfire. George H. W. Bush said, â€Å"The last thing the leaders of Los Angeles expected in the early 1990s was that their city would become the scene of the nation s deadliest urban race riot since the Civil War.† The race riot that Mr. Bush is referencing are the Los Angeles race riots that occurred as a result of Rodney King’s arrest in 1991 exemplified the deep tensions betweenRead MorePolice Brutality Should Not Be Swept Under The Rug980 Words   |  4 PagesFrom the disturbing beating of Rodney King to the horrific death of Malice Green to the shooting of Michael Brown shows there is a consistent problem with po lice brutality and the exertion of force used. Police brutality seems to be a rising issue again with the occurrence of the Michael Brown shooting and the ‘Black Lives Matter’ movement making sure that any form of police brutality should not be swept under the rug. Action has been taken in some cities around the country for dealing with policeRead MoreCircumstances Leading to Rodney Kings Beating1322 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion1 The 1991 Rodney King beating was one of the most significant events of the late twentieth century when considering the tension between African Americans and white police officers in the last two centuries. It seemed that the beating and the effect that it had on the world as a whole embodied societys feelings concerning the idea of discrimination. The fact that Rodney King was African American and that white police officers used unnecessary force when trying to apprehend him made itRead MorePolice Report On The Los Angeles Police Department1584 Words   |  7 PagesBMCC Ashley Chaparro Policing Research Paper On March 2, 1991, a brutal beating of a 26 year old man by the Los Angeles Police department, set tensions high between the black community and the police department, not only in Los Angeles but all across the country. This is not only considered an extremely controversial incident, but also a contradicting case. Is it a coincidence, or has the justice system failed to charge and imprison police officers who use excessive force on black members of societyRead MorePolice Accountability And The Criminal Justice System1356 Words   |  6 Pagesthe beating of Rodney King. Rodney King was an African American male who was under the influence and decided to take the police on a high speed chase (Bates Sastry, 2017). Once Rodney King stopped his vehicle, the police ordered him to exit his vehicle and told him to surrender. Mr. King exited his vehicle and then began the attacking of the police officers. The police’s kicked him and beat him for about 15 minutes (Bates Sastry, 2017). There were four cops that were charged for beating RodneyRead MoreJustice Is One Of The Most Important Moral And Political Concepts898 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough the Rodney King case and the shooting of Latasha Harlins. Rodney King and Latasha Harlins experienced racial injustice, which can be defined as the denial of rights based on an individual’s race or racial background. Both two victims were mistreated for the color of their skin and were stripped from their equal rights and opportunities. In Los Angeles, California, four Los Angeles police officers had been caught beating an unarmed African-American motorist, Rodney King. Rodney King had severeRead MorePolice Brutality Over The Years1458 Words   |  6 Pagesthat juries acquit the police, cops get their jobs back, and brutality happens again. One of the most broadcasted cases of police brutality, was the beating of Rodney King. On the night of March 2, 1991, a bystander named George Holiday, videotaped the moment when five officers used excess force on an African American man named Rodney King, beating him with batons as he struggled on the ground. Also, it was recorded that an officer stomped on King’s shoulder causing his head to hit hard against theRead MorePolice Brutality And The Civil Force1233 Words   |  5 Pagesto the population that police can use brute force to protect and serve the people of our country? Historical Framework The terminology of Police Brutality was used in the American press as early as 1872, when the Chicago Tribune reported on the beating of a citizen under arrest as the Harrison Street Police Station (Chicagotribune 1872). A man named Michael Clark that was well known as North Division that kept a salon at the corner of Chicago Ave and Wells street (Chicagotribune 1872). Clark wasRead MoreOppression Of The United States1401 Words   |  6 Pagesunessecarily on Black people in means of beatings and hostile arrests based on claims of suspicious looks. But what is the reason for the thought of a black man with a sweatshirt looking suspicious? Although not admitted, and maybe not even having conscious awareness of, it is so common that the thought of illegal or dangerous activity is associated with a dark skin tone. This country is prided for its many historical, respected figures such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks. People like the

The Market for Online Education Free Essays

string(140) " grading assignments of hundreds of thousands of students requires using automated software, which can only grade multiple choice problems\." Introduction Traditional education is designed around face-to-face communication in a physical classroom. Educational institutions are required to pay for costly inputs, the costs of which are spread out over a limited number of students. It is no surprise then that this education delivery model has produced a 550% increase in the cost of tuition at U. We will write a custom essay sample on The Market for Online Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. universities since 1985 (Vella, 2012). In addition to this, most universities are run by non-profit trusts or governments, where there is little pressure to innovate and fully utilize the physical and intellectual resources of the institution. With this backdrop, online courses are offering low-cost learning alternatives, which are customized for needs of customers, and are available without regard to space and time for different groups of customers worldwide. Over time, attitudes of students and employers towards online education are also improving. Finally, new private companies are coming up to offer customized solutions often backed by cloud computing platforms, though they still lack the brand recognition of traditional universities. This paper will examine the limitations of traditional educational methods and explore sources of demand and supply of online education with a view towards how innovative business models such as crowdsourcing and technology infrastructures such as cloud computing are creating change in online education (Weld et al., 2012). Evolution of Online Education Traditional education delivery in thousands of universities globally is designed around transfer of knowledge from teachers to students via face-to-face, lecture based interaction in physical classrooms. At the outset, this imposes the limit of physical capacity of the classroom on the number of individuals who can enrol in the class. In comparison, recent advances in information and communication technologies have enabled alternative online education delivery mechanisms, which can optimize educational delivery in a cost-efficient manner for a large number of users. Online education can be defined as a new social process which utilizes digital technology to partially or fully substitute traditional classroom learning methods, optimized for learners without the barriers of a traditional educational setup (Hiltz Turoff, 2006). Allen and Seaman (2013) define online education to include courses where at least 80% of the course content is delivered online. These courses are delivered ove r the Internet and include significant use of digital media, data storage and communication technologies such as computer-assisted instruction, group communications, use of immersive simulations, gaming and asynchronous learning networks, collaborative knowledge systems and use of wireless and handheld devices. Online education offers different sets of opportunities to different organisations and individuals. For existing educational institutions, it offers a way to increase enrolment or reach a different type of audience such as corporate training. For start-ups looking to shake up the education ‘industry’, it offers the opportunity to compete with traditional universities on different bases of competition, such as price, program duration or class timing. For others, it offers the opportunity for lifelong learning or the opportunity to learn from professors of top universities. Surveys show that the number of students taking online learning courses is on the rise. Allen and Seaman (2013) report that the total number of students in the U.S. taking at least 1 online course during 2012 has increased to 6.7 million, representing 32% of the total student population of 21 million students. In an endorsement of the online learning platform, 77% of academic leaders believe that online learning leads to better learning outcomes than face-to-face instruction. On the major obstacles that are holding back the growth of online education, the authors believe that most faculty members still do not have a positive view about online learning. 40% believe employers have reservations about online degrees. Product Offerings Online education is influencing different tiers of the market in different ways. Firstly, in traditional universities, more and more fully online classes are being developed, and technology is finding its way into more traditional classes as well. Many universities now offer online only classes for their students. In addition, universities such as Georgia Tech are creating tailor made degrees for corporations such as ATT. This setup benefits the university which gets an extra revenue stream and also ATT which gets high-end skills training for its employees on the job (Kitroeff, 2014). In addition, some new, non-traditional universities have also been set up. These online universities, such as the University of Phoenix, replicate the existing university model but without a physical campus, utilizing online content delivery. A different model has also been developed by some traditional universities such as MIT and Stanford. In partnership with private start-up companies such as Coursera and EdX, these institutions are putting together free classes open to global masses known as massive open online courses (MOOC). These courses are available to all the students in the world who have Internet access and some of these classes boast registrations in hundreds of thousands. Currently, nearly 3% of institutions of higher education in the US are offering MOOCs while another 10% are in the planning process of offering MOOCs (Allen Seaman, 2013). Coursera is also expanding into China with its more than 1 million online learners (Larson, 2014). However, it is not clear how MOOC offerings will be financed (Anderson, 2012). The author points out that giving away content for free usually never turns out to be good business model. Suggestions for revenue generation include subscription and charging employers who want to hire successful students. Another issue is how to ascertain the identity and actual completion of work by a given individual. Udacity, another start-up has devised a solution by offering physical testing facilities in different countries where students can take certification exams in a supervised environment. While they are becoming increasingly popular, MOOCs offer limited customization. In comparison, some start-up education companies are exploring the idea of customized learning enabled by ‘crowdsourcing’. Crowdsourcing is a term which defines the development of an online community whose physically dispersed members may be called upon to provide results online to a given problem. One limitation of MOOCs is that grading assignments of hundreds of thousands of students requires using automated software, which can only grade multiple choice problems. You read "The Market for Online Education" in category "Essay examples" This solution does not work very well in the humanities and social sciences. A crowdsourcing-based solution is to use peer evaluation for this purpose. These learning environments also deploy other technology enabled learning techniques such as using software to analyse common mistakes made by large groups with the highest frequency. Significant insights can be gained into human learning from observing such errors and analyzing their causes. Other automated software agents can crawl the web for useful resources pertaining to the course and collect it on a new website. Additional functionalities that can be offered by machine learning systems include services that link students with particular needs with tutors with skills suitable for teaching those subjects. Role of technology in the online education ecosystem Central to this paradigm shift in education is the Internet and technology revolution. A key enabling innovation in this regard is the development of a low-cost services model known as cloud computing. Cloud computing is an umbrella terms which describes how computers, servers, and applications and processes on those servers can be networked together in a distributed computing platform to create scalable infrastructure which enables users to connect from anywhere and using any device. Cloud computing may be considered an extension of Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), which is a software design which makes it easy for computers on a network to cooperate. An institution or group of institutions that gets together to develop a cloud computing based platform needs to develop content and services that can reside inside the cloud since not all applications are cloud enabled (Mircea Andreescu, 2011). Cloud computing is a way of designing a network in blocks, not all of which need to be owned or operated by one university. Instead some components of infrastructure, or the platform or the software or even the computing power itself may be owned and managed by service providers who allow the university to pay for them on an ongoing, pay-per-use basis (Matthew, 2012). Cloud enabled service delivery enables access to educational content by anyone, anywhere on a pay-per-use basis, thus enabling deployment of scalable educational services. If a substantial number of users exist, the cost per user and thus the fee charged to the user can be lowered substantially compared to traditional educational institutions (Moore, 2011). This can have several other advantages for institutions as well. For example, institutions can combine resources with others to share a cloud, and then focus on content creation to focus on their strength and outsourcing the IT services to a large degree. The new business models will begin with market need identification, and then deploying a solution to meet that need, offering a high return on investment (ROI). A major university offering a global MOOC would need a very different platform than a commercial service offering English as Second Language in China and cloud computing would allow each to have the right cost and infrastructure for the size of the opportunity. A lot of effort is going into the development of each of the elements of online education. These include digital books, grading software, intelligent software agents, cloud computing infrastructure and tablets. Amazon is also selling more digital books than paper books and it is now even possible for students taking online classes to rent their textbooks for limited time (Schuetze, 2011). Through its success, online education seems to be substituting traditional education (Mehaffy, 2012). This phenomenon has been labelled by Christensen Eyring (2011) as the process of ‘disruption’. ‘Disruptive technologies’ are championed by new companies which do not compete with the incumbents along the existing bases of competition, but offer new and often low-cost product to a previously underserved group of consumers. Once successful in their niches, they increase volume, improve product quality and unseat incumbents in the high end of the market. Alternatively, disruption forces incumbents to change their business models. One of the reasons the education market seems ripe for disruption is the high cost of university education which makes the high-end of the market out of reach for many students. Some of the new business models in online education offer lower cost alternatives for those average students. In response, several mainstream universities are already considering lowering the residency requirement of their degrees to lower the total cost of earning them, while considering how to improve their online courses. While it may be too early to predict how successful they will be, for now the online education market seems set to grow globally. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that online education is a powerful business model because it can service large underserved segments of the education market at low average cost (Gaytan, 2007). It is a solution for those who could previously not afford the high cost of education or may only need to develop certain job related skills or they may be lifelong learners. Deployment of digital content and software over a cloud enabled distributed computing network is the first step towards infrastructure development required for online learning platforms. More high-quality content is required together with ingenious business models to take online education to the next level of success. Recommendations While they do not face any immediate threats, existing educational institutions will need to adapt their business models in order to not become obsolete. At a minimum, they should consider ways of reducing their cost without diluting the experience. Traditional universities have a strong competitive advantage – they offer a period of residence in an academic community. This is difficult to replicate for online institutions. Online universities should consider partnerships for revenue and content sharing with traditional institutions in order to build their brands quicker. Without brand acceptance, they will never be able to compete with traditional universities. Start-ups should focus on helping develop those innovations that increase the return on investment in new business models for educational service providers to encourage innovation and investment in technology supporting online education. Bibliography Allen, I. E., Seaman, J. 2013. Changing Course: Ten Years of Tracking Online Education in the United States. Sloan Consortium. PO Box 1238, Newburyport, MA 01950. Anderson, N. 2012. Elite education for the masses. The Washington Post, 4. Christensen, C. M., Eyring, H. J. 2011. The innovative university: Changing the DNA of higher education from the inside out. John Wiley Sons. Conn, S. S., Reichgelt, H. 2012. Cloud Computing in Support of Applied Learning: A Baseline Study of Infrastructure Design at Southern Polytechnic State University. In Proceedings of the Information Systems Educators Conference ISSN (Vol. 2167, p. 1435). Gaytan, J. 2007. Visions shaping the future of online education: Understanding its historical evolution, implications, and assumptions. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 10(2). Hiltz, S. R., Turoff, M. 2005. Education goes digital: The evolution of online learning and the revolution in higher education. Communications of the ACM,48(10), 59-64. Larson, C. 2014. Coursera’s plan for online education: Expansion in China. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved on 28 October, 2014 from http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-10-27/coursera-ceo-richard-levin-plans-to-expand-the-company-in-china. Kitroeff, N. 2014. Why ATT is investing in virtual school. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved on 28 October, 2014 from http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-10-24/at-and-t-and-former-google-vp-back-georgia-tech-online-degree-program. Mathew, S. 2012. Implementation of Cloud Computing in Education – A Revolution. International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering, 4(3), 473 – 475. Mehaffy, G. L. 2012. Challenge and change. Educause Review, 47(5), 25-42. Mircea, M., Andreescu, A. I. 2011. Using cloud computing in higher education: A strategy to improve agility in the current financial crisis. Communications of the IBIMA, 2011, 1-15. Moore, J. C. 2012. A Synthesis of Sloan-C Effective Practices, December 2011. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 16(1), 91-115. Schuetze, C. F. 2011. Textbooks finally take a big leap to digital. The New York Times. Vella, M. (2012). Is higher education doomedFortune. Retrieved on October 28, 2014 from http://fortune.com/2012/07/18/is-higher-education-doomed/. Yuan, L., Powell, S., CETIS, J. 2013. MOOCs and open education: Implications for higher education. Cetis White Paper. Weld, D. S., Adar, E., Chilton, L., Hoffmann, R., Horvitz, E., Koch, M., Mausam, M. 2012. Personalized online education—a crowdsourcing challenge. In Workshops at the Twenty-Sixth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 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Business Ethics Johnson & Johnson Financial State - Free Solution

Questions: 1) Although Johnson Johnson took a short term loss as a result of its actions, it was cushioned by the relative wealth of the company. Should it have acted the same way if the survival of the firm were at stake? 2) Was the moral minimum required of the company in this case? Would it favor some stakeholders more than others? How would you defend balancing the interests of some stakeholders more then others? 3) Imagine that a third-world country volunteers to take the recalled product. Its representatives make assurances that all the tablets will be visually inspected and random samples taken before distribution. Would that be appropriate in these circumstances? Would it have been a better solution than destroying all remaining Tylenol capsules? 4) Apparently no relatives of any of the victims sued Johnson Johnson. Would they have had a more case if they had? Should the company have foreseen a risk and done something about it? 5) How well do you think a general credo works in guiding action? Would you prefer a typical mission statement or a clear set of policy outlines, for example? Do you see any way in which the Johnson Johnson Credo could be improved or modified? Answers: 1. Ethically speaking Johnson Johnson should have acted the same regardless of their financial state. However from a business and professional standpoint this would be a case of corporate suicide (Lederach, 2015). If the company was in financial trouble there are a few ways they could of provided the same actions, just on a smaller scale. Johnson Johnson could have pulled all of the Tylenol in the Midwest region of Chicago where the deaths occurred, or to go even further they could have pulled the product from all of Chicago. The smaller scale might not have had the same effect as the nationwide approach but customers would still appreciate the effort to maintain their wellbeing (Schwartz, 2012). 2. The moral minimum is to recall the bottles from the Midwest region alone, where the deaths occurred. Had they made this decision, Tylenol's executives would have benefited by not having to lose so much money in recalling more nationwide (The Johnson Johnson Tylenol Crisis, 2016). The general public is the most important stakeholder to any business that depends on consumers. It is extremely important that the public is pleased and satisfied before any other stakeholders because without consumers, there is no product demand and therefore no business. 3. It would not be appropriate for Tylenol to allow a third world country to take the recalled product. If the product is not suitable to be consumed by North Americans, it would be unethical to consider it good enough for those in a third-world country (Schwartz, 2012). Tylenol would also be taking a huge risk by sending the tablets to a third-world country as they could cause more damage to their reputation if some of those tablets happened to also contain the cyanide and result in more deaths. Destroying the remaining Tylenol capsules was the most responsible and ethical choice under these circumstances. 4. This was not the first case of such harmful tampering. In New York in 1899, Harry Cornish, the owner of Knickerbocker athletic club, was sent a package that contained Bromo-Seltzer before the holidays (Saleheen et al., 2014). He took the bottle home and thought nothing of it until a relative consumed some and complained of feeling ill the next day. Cornish survived a minor illness following the tasting but sadly, his relative passed. This was a very long trial and likely very public because the appeal process was a landmark in US law which determined previous crimes cannot be used as evidence for unrelated ones (Ghillyer, 2012). The research and development of their value chain should have been a priority before any major incident prompted it. 5. Defining your beliefs and guiding principles is important to running a successful business. If you don't define your beliefs, others--be it friends, associates or the marketplace--will do it for you (The Johnson Johnson Tylenol Crisis, 2016). The credo forces the company to keep the needs of the customer first. In my opinion, the credo works better than a mission statement or a clear set of policy outlines because it covers and defines so much more: companies would have to write out millions of policies in order to prepare for future conflicts and a mission statement doesnt even begin to cover how to deal with such a crisis (Sonaike, 2013). No, I do not think that Johnson Johnson needs to improve the credo because it covers all the important categories of people affected: customers, employees, the community and stockholders. References Ghillyer, Dr. A. (2012). Business ethics now. New York: McGraw-Hill. Lederach, J. (2015). Little Book of Conflict Transformation: Clear Articulation Of The Guiding Principles By A Pioneer In The Field. Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.. Saleheen, F., Miraz, M. H., Habib, M. M., Hanafi, Z. (2014). Challenges of Warehouse Operations: A Case Study in Retail Supermarket. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 3(4). Schwartz, D. (2012). 5 Major Product Tampering Cases. In CBC News. Retrieved Nov. 16 2012, from https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2012/08/02/f-product-tampering-list.html. Sonaike, K. (2013). Revisiting The Good And Bad Sides Of Organizational Politics. Journal of Business Economics Research (Online), 11(4), 197. The Johnson Johnson Tylenol Crisis. (2016). https://www.ou.edu/. Retrieved 14 March 2016, from Untitled Document. (2016). Ou.edu. Retrieved 14 March 2016, from https://www.ou.edu/deptcomm/dodjcc/groups/02C2/Johnson%20%20Johnson.htm